新航道

  上海新航道托福小編為托福考生們準(zhǔn)備了托福閱讀TPO27原文,希望各位考生們?cè)赥PO真題里能夠得到鍛煉，祝廣大托福考生能夠取得理想成績(jī)。

  Crafts in the Ancient Near East

  Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half ofthe millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.

  一些最早的人類(lèi)文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不達(dá)米亞出現(xiàn)的，現(xiàn)在這片區(qū)域處于南伊拉克。在后五百年，在烏魯克城南方附近，被永久居留民占用的地域在大幅度增長(zhǎng)。大部分的增長(zhǎng)都發(fā)生在烏魯克城內(nèi)，使其成為了一個(gè)真正的中心誠(chéng)區(qū)，并被一些后續(xù)的定居點(diǎn)環(huán)繞著。雖然人口估計(jì)數(shù)通常是不可靠的，但學(xué)者們認(rèn)為烏魯克居民可以通過(guò)日常與周?chē)貐^(qū)的通勤，得到周?chē)貐^(qū)產(chǎn)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品以自給自足。但烏魯克在整個(gè)地區(qū)最大，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了其它居民點(diǎn)，這說(shuō)明它是這個(gè)地區(qū)的中心，是一個(gè)真正的城市。事實(shí)上，它是人類(lèi)歷史上的第一個(gè)城市。

  The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those peopleliving within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productivesector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, theuse of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery styleappears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is arather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number ofstandard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, andthousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the mosttelling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it wasproduced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.

  絕大部分人依然從事農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)，甚至包括城市居民。但由于該城市是區(qū)域的中心，其中的一小部分人開(kāi)始全心從事非農(nóng)業(yè)工作。生產(chǎn)方面，專(zhuān)業(yè)工匠的多樣性有了增長(zhǎng)。在烏魯克時(shí)期早期，對(duì)未裝飾的實(shí)用陶器的使用可能就是專(zhuān)業(yè)化大量生產(chǎn)的結(jié)果。在烏魯克的發(fā)現(xiàn)的四千年前早期的Eanna考古遺址中，有一種陶器刻畫(huà)了這種專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的特征，即所謂的斜面邊碗。這種碗相當(dāng)?shù)臏\，是利用模具簡(jiǎn)單制作的;因此，只有有限的幾種大小。由于一些未知原因，很多被丟棄的碗還是完整的保存下來(lái)了，而在近東的各地有上千件出土。這種碗是最好的判斷烏魯克時(shí)期遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。最重要的是這種碗被大量快速生產(chǎn)，最可能由中心位置的專(zhuān)業(yè)工匠制作。

  A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a familymember as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depictgroups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know fromlater third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrallyadministered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in asmall area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted asthe remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and pouredinto molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.

  多種文件記錄說(shuō)明，曾經(jīng)作為義務(wù)被家庭制作的商品，在后來(lái)由熟練技工制作。一些圖畫(huà)描述了成群的人們，大部分是女人，正在編制紡織品。這種活動(dòng)，從其后三千年前出土的文獻(xiàn)可知，是當(dāng)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要部分，并且已被中央管理。并且一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)從事金屬制造的工廠可能也已經(jīng)小區(qū)域的在烏魯克地區(qū)開(kāi)挖。它包括了一定數(shù)量隧道連接著一系列約50厘米深的洞，它們都有燃燒的痕跡，也盛滿了灰燼。這被認(rèn)定是工廠的遺址，在這里融化的金屬?gòu)乃淼乐芯奂缓蟮谷攵蠢锏哪＞咧小＿@里包括一些由專(zhuān)業(yè)人士進(jìn)行的大量生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。

  Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the lateUruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remainedcharacteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was asmall cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, ofshell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scenewas carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae(round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene wouldappear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was farsuperior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period(approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, thecarved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary inthe round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.

  產(chǎn)品的本身就說(shuō)明了它們是由專(zhuān)業(yè)技工制作的。在烏魯克時(shí)期末期首次出現(xiàn)了一種在其整個(gè)歷史中象征美索不達(dá)米亞的物品：圓柱章。它是一個(gè)小的圓柱體，一般不高于3厘米，直徑2厘米，材料為貝殼，骨頭，陶器或是各種石頭，在其表面刻著一個(gè)場(chǎng)景。當(dāng)它滾過(guò)柔軟的材料的時(shí)候---主要是被連接在箱子，罐子或是門(mén)栓上的粘土圓章，紀(jì)念碑，泥土塊--- 這個(gè)場(chǎng)景就會(huì)清晰簡(jiǎn)單的出現(xiàn)在上面了。相對(duì)于新石器時(shí)期(大約是公元前10000-5000年前)的封章，這種雕刻技術(shù)依然是很先進(jìn)的。從圓柱章的出現(xiàn)開(kāi)始，被雕刻的圖像就非常精致精美，這表現(xiàn)了石頭切割者的專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)。同樣的，在烏魯克時(shí)期晚期出現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)大師級(jí)別制作的永存的藝術(shù)和雕刻，這是只有非常專(zhuān)業(yè)的人才能做出的。

  托福閱讀試題

  1.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.

  B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.

  C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.

  D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.

  1.找到句子主謂賓，主語(yǔ)是scholars，謂語(yǔ)assume，賓語(yǔ)是從句說(shuō)“當(dāng)?shù)刈∶窨梢宰越o自足……”根據(jù)這些信息去對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，很容易得到D。A選項(xiàng)說(shuō)不依賴于農(nóng)業(yè)，與原文矛盾;B說(shuō)學(xué)者不能確定農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品是否夠用，也不對(duì);C的前半句就錯(cuò)了，并且原句也沒(méi)有因果的邏輯關(guān)系，排除。

  2.The word “surpassing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.proceeding.

  B.exceeding.

  C.challenging.

  D.outlasting.

  2.surpassing, 超出，優(yōu)于。A. 在……之前;B. 超出;C.挑戰(zhàn);D比……長(zhǎng)久。根據(jù)詞義可選出B。從原文理解，這句話中出現(xiàn)了dominant size證明其占有主導(dǎo)地位，其size大于其他居民地，所以很容易得到“超過(guò)”的詞義。

  3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPT

  A.It was a permanent settlement.

  B.It was self-sufficient.

  C.It was one of a group of other larger settlements.

  D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.

  3.A對(duì)應(yīng)于原文第二句后半句，B對(duì)應(yīng)第一題的高亮句，C與原文矛盾，Uruk 是最大的settlement，D對(duì)應(yīng)高亮句，說(shuō)他們可以自給自足。

  4.The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.unsold.

  B.unused.

  C.undamaged.

  D.unpainted.

  4.原文這句話前半句說(shuō)被拋棄了，后面又說(shuō)被發(fā)現(xiàn)了。中間的still有輕微的轉(zhuǎn)折意味，所以應(yīng)該是再說(shuō)雖然被扔掉了，但是依然怎么樣，然后被大量發(fā)現(xiàn)了。可以通過(guò)帶入的方式來(lái)排除。A未售的，不對(duì)。B沒(méi)用過(guò)的，也不通順。C未受損的，通順，選。 D未上色的，文章沒(méi)提到，也跟原句邏輯不符。

  5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.

  A.They were discarded because they became unpopular.

  B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.

  C.They were each individually styled.

  D.They were made in only a few sizes.

  5.A，原文說(shuō)不知道為什么被拋棄了，錯(cuò)。B，原文說(shuō)這種陶器長(zhǎng)得都一樣(made in a mold)，而且沒(méi)有decoration。C，原文對(duì)其style進(jìn)行了描述說(shuō)它是一種很淺的用模具做得碗。因此可知它的style是很統(tǒng)一的。D正確對(duì)應(yīng)原文“hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes”.

  6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft production in the Uruk period?

  A.Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.

  B.People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.

  C.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.

  D.Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.

  6.A原文并沒(méi)說(shuō)不從事農(nóng)業(yè)的人有更高的社會(huì)地位。B原文第二句but…說(shuō)有些人開(kāi)始了specializedactivities，正確選。C對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四句，說(shuō)這種碗是“undecorated， utilitarian”，所以C錯(cuò)。 D原文第三句說(shuō)到了growth of variety，而選項(xiàng)說(shuō)單一，所以矛盾，不選。

  7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?

  A.It had an important commercial value.

  B.It existed but was not well organized.

  C.It is not documented in the archaeological record.

  D.It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.

  7.根據(jù)textile production定位至第二句。已用紅色部分標(biāo)出。原文寫(xiě)到的，have been centrallyadministered。于此可判斷B，D錯(cuò)誤，C根據(jù)from later third millennium texts證明是被documented，所以C不對(duì)。正確答案為A，對(duì)應(yīng)vital in the economy。

  8.The word “interpreted” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

  A.documented.

  B.debated.

  C.displayed.

  D.understood.

  8.interpreted是解釋的意思。A有文件證明;B是爭(zhēng)論;C是顯示;D是理解。這里帶入后可以知道D選項(xiàng)最合適，has been interpreted as……后面是對(duì)metal producing workshop的作用進(jìn)行了解釋。

  9.What is the purpose of paragraph 3?

  A.To contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millennia.

  B.To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workers.

  C.To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before Uruk.

  D.To contrast the development of weaving and pottery in Uruk.

  9.前面幾段都提到了各種類(lèi)型的mass production，這段第一句也又一次提到了certain goods were latermade by skilled artisian。A，D都不對(duì)，因?yàn)樵臎](méi)有對(duì)比的邏輯。C也不符合上下文邏輯，文章本段主題也不是這個(gè)。B正確。

  10.The word “l(fā)egible” in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

  A.printable

  B.enjoyable

  C.recognizable

  D.available

  10.原詞為清晰的意思。A是可排版的，B是有趣味的，C是可看清的，可辨認(rèn)的，D是可利用的。C正確。根據(jù)那一句的詞義，說(shuō)出現(xiàn)的怎么樣，也可以輕易退出應(yīng)該用清晰的出現(xiàn)。

  11.Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?

  A.They were designed more for home than for legal use.

  B.They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.

  C.They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.

  D.They were the first example of carved seals.

  11.整段文章都在寫(xiě)cylinder seal ，本段的第一句話也就是中心句說(shuō)Objects themselves suggest thatthey were the work of skilled professionals,證明這段是在舉例說(shuō)明去professional skill，因此選擇B。

  12.According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture was

  A.Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carving.

  B.Its architecturally complex monuments.

  C.Its invention of stamp seals carved from stone.

  D.Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware.

  12.A

  13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.

  Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■【A】This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■【B】When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■【C】The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■【D】From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.

  13.這里要插入的句子是說(shuō)這個(gè)印章的表面非常的扭曲，但只是作為了一個(gè)模型。這里出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折。那證明后面應(yīng)該會(huì)出現(xiàn)與其相反的態(tài)度的描述。A處剛開(kāi)始描述印章的樣子，到B處插入句子非常流暢，自然而然的說(shuō)到了印章的表面。B處之后出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折說(shuō)印在軟質(zhì)地材料上的圖案非常清晰。邏輯合理。C，D邏輯都不通。

  14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

  Uruk, located in ancientMesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first cityin human history.

  A.A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.

  B.The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.

  C.The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.

  D.Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.

  E.Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.

  F.The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.

  14.A正確，選，對(duì)應(yīng)文章第一段的高亮句(第一題)和第二段第二句。B無(wú)明顯錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)應(yīng)最后一段的倒數(shù)第三局，但只是細(xì)節(jié)，不選。C原文并沒(méi)有說(shuō)做這個(gè)monumental sculpture的人和做印章的是一樣的人。D錯(cuò)誤，highly decorated pottery與原文矛盾，原文第二段第四句說(shuō)undecorated utilitarian pottery.E正確，選，對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二段。F正確，選。對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一段。

  The Formation of Volcanic I

  Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheetof rock that forms a crust but rather a number of“tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of agiant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands orcontinents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a densersemi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges thatare spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created),subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transformfaults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). Itis at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activityoccur.

  地球的外殼并不是由單塊巖石形成的，而是許多的“構(gòu)造板塊”嚴(yán)密的組合在一起的，就像是一個(gè)巨大的拼圖。一些板塊承載著島嶼或是大陸，其它的則形成海底。所有板塊都在緩慢移動(dòng)，因?yàn)樗鼈兌计≡诿芏雀蟮陌胍簯B(tài)的介于地殼和地核之間的地幔上。板塊的邊緣是擴(kuò)張脊(兩個(gè)板塊分離，新的海底形成的地方)，俯沖帶(兩板塊碰撞，一個(gè)傾入到另一個(gè)下面)，或者是形成斷層(兩板塊既不聚集也不分散，但只是互相錯(cuò)位)。板塊邊界是地球上的火山和地震的高發(fā)地。

  Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there areexceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far outat sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----thatoriginated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacificseafloor.

  一般地，板塊內(nèi)部在地質(zhì)上是平靜的，但也有例外。掃一眼太平洋的地圖就知道那里有許多在大海深處的島嶼，它們其實(shí)都是火山，其中有許多已經(jīng)不活動(dòng)了，一些長(zhǎng)滿了珊瑚。這些火山都起源于當(dāng)時(shí)太平洋板塊內(nèi)部一些部位在形成太平洋海底時(shí)的地質(zhì)活動(dòng)。

  How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islandsprovide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. TheHawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s Americangeologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologicevolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward thenorthwest.Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islandswere formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilsonsuggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply thesurface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in themantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the platemoved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over thevolcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is nowover the volcanic source.

  為什么火山活動(dòng)發(fā)生在離板塊邊緣這么遠(yuǎn)的地方呢?夏威夷群島提供了一個(gè)非常有啟發(fā)性的答案。就像其它的群島一樣，它們形成了一個(gè)島鏈。夏威夷群島鏈從夏威夷島向西北擴(kuò)張。在十八世紀(jì)40年代，地質(zhì)學(xué)家James Daly觀察到不同的夏威夷島嶼看起來(lái)經(jīng)歷了相似的演變過(guò)程，但它們所受腐蝕一個(gè)比一個(gè)嚴(yán)重，所以越往西北方向的島嶼形成時(shí)間可能越早。1963年，在大陸板塊理論的早期，加拿大的地質(zhì)學(xué)家Tuzo Wilson意識(shí)到島嶼年齡的增加可能是因?yàn)檫@些島嶼是板塊表面從一個(gè)板塊內(nèi)部的固定火山源上方移動(dòng)的結(jié)果。Wilson解釋說(shuō)，夏威夷向西北延伸的火山長(zhǎng)鏈只是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期存于板塊下、地幔中的火山源在板塊表面的表現(xiàn)。現(xiàn)今最靠西北的島嶼可能是最先形成的。它們隨著板塊向西北移動(dòng)。新的火山會(huì)隨著板塊的移動(dòng)在火山源處形成。最年輕的島嶼，夏威夷島，應(yīng)該是在島鏈的末端，現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該在火山源上。

  Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (andother) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just asDaly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics.Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantleplumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains anactive “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at greatdepths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many havebeen active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have agesclose to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific,Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’soceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.

  雖然這個(gè)理論并沒(méi)有被很快接受，夏威夷和其它群島巖漿的年齡測(cè)試表明了它們的年齡都從活躍的火山開(kāi)始依次增加，正如Daly所說(shuō)。Wilson對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的分析已經(jīng)成為了板塊構(gòu)造論的核心部分。大多的發(fā)生在板塊內(nèi)部的火山爆發(fā)都是由地幔柱造成的;地幔柱是從地幔深處涌出的熔巖柱體。只要火山在一個(gè)地幔柱上面，它就是一個(gè)活動(dòng)的“熱點(diǎn)”。地幔柱很顯然是起源于很深的地方，很可能位于地核和地幔的交界處，并且已經(jīng)活躍了很久。由夏威夷熱點(diǎn)形成的最老的火山已經(jīng)有近8千萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間了。其它的島嶼，包括太平洋的塔希提島和東部群島，印度洋留尼汪島和毛里求斯群島，實(shí)際上，多數(shù)世界上大洋中大島都是由地幔柱的擴(kuò)展形成的。

  The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful forgeologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They thereforepermit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of thegeography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the currentposition of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of ThePacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the oceanbasins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’sgeography by backtracking along the hotspot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so ofgeologic time.

  海洋火山島和它們的熱點(diǎn)軌跡對(duì)于地質(zhì)學(xué)家尤其有用，因?yàn)樗鼈冇涗浟诉^(guò)去的板塊在固定火山源上方的位置。他們因此可以重現(xiàn)海底擴(kuò)張的過(guò)程，以及大陸和大洋盆地過(guò)去的地理位置發(fā)展過(guò)程。比如，根據(jù)太平洋板塊現(xiàn)在的位置，夏威夷島在太平洋熱點(diǎn)上面。所以太平洋板塊5千萬(wàn)年前的位置可以通過(guò)移動(dòng)太平洋板塊使得一座有5五千萬(wàn)年歷史的島嶼位于夏威夷島現(xiàn)在所在的熱點(diǎn)上以獲得。但是，由于海洋盆地在地質(zhì)年代上是相對(duì)短命的，用熱點(diǎn)追蹤的方法重建世界的地形只適用于最近的百分之五左右的地質(zhì)時(shí)間。

  托福閱讀試題

  1.The author mentions “spreading ridges”, “subduction zones”, and“transform faults” inorder to

  A.illustrate that the boundaries of tectonic platesare neat, thin lines.

  B.explain why some tectonic plates carry islands or continents while others form the seafloor.

  C.explain the complex nature of the edges of tectonic plates.

  D.provide examples of areas of tectonic plates where little geologic action occurs.

  1.原文這部分介紹了各種不同的edges的現(xiàn)象，并做了詳細(xì)的解釋?zhuān)懊嬉舱f(shuō)到plate的組成就像是jigsaw puzzle，從兩處可以看出應(yīng)該是要體現(xiàn)其復(fù)雜性。A與原文矛盾，原文并沒(méi)有對(duì)B做出解釋?zhuān)珼原文給出的是geologic action常發(fā)的地方，而不是little ~ occurs。

  2.The word “converge” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.expand.

  B.form.

  C.rise.

  D.move closer.

  2.這一段描述的前兩種現(xiàn)象，一種是move closer，一種是move apart。對(duì)第三種的描寫(xiě)是neither…nor…既不也不，因此應(yīng)該是與前兩種都不同，所以應(yīng)該是既不聚合，也不分開(kāi)，根據(jù)詞根可以判斷diverge是分開(kāi)，converge是聚合。所以答案為D。

  3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information

  A.Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of thePacific Plate.

  B.Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands thatsupport coral.

  C.There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of thePacific Plate.

  D.The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are becausemany are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.

  3.根據(jù)這一段的第一句可以看出后面是在舉例說(shuō)內(nèi)陸平靜的exception。A，B，D選項(xiàng)都是句子的細(xì)節(jié)部分，不能表達(dá)出其目的。所以不選。

  4.The word “instructive” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

  A.clear.

  B.detailed.

  C.informative.

  D.familiar.

  4.instructive是有意義的，教育性的。 A是清楚的，B是細(xì)節(jié)的，D是熟悉的。只有C是有益的，教育性的，意思吻合。前面是問(wèn)句，后面說(shuō)夏威夷群島提供了怎樣的解答，那么應(yīng)該是這個(gè)例子可以回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。根據(jù)這層意思，可以推出答案。

  5.The word “eroded” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

  A.worm down.

  B.scattered.

  C.developed.

  D.deserted.

  5.這句話說(shuō)不同的島嶼看起來(lái)經(jīng)歷了相似的演變過(guò)程，但有些隨著時(shí)間推移被更……，所以可能更古老。那么島嶼如果經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該會(huì)被海水“侵蝕”的更厲害。所以答案選A，worn down 磨損。 B是分散的，C是發(fā)達(dá)的，成熟的;D是被遺棄的。

  6.In paragraph 3, what is the relationship between the scientific contribution ofJames Daly and Tuzo Wilson?

  A.Wilson provided an explanation for the observations made by Daly.

  B.Wilson challenged the theory proposed by Daly.

  C.Wilson found numerous examples of island chains that supported Daly’s theory.

  D.Wilson popularized the explanation of volcanic island formation formulated by Daly.

  6.根據(jù)兩個(gè)科學(xué)家的名字進(jìn)行定位。從then in 1963這一句可以了解到兩者關(guān)系，說(shuō)在板塊理論剛開(kāi)始發(fā)展的時(shí)期，tuzo Wilson發(fā)現(xiàn)……那么肯定是使板塊理論進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了。所以B不對(duì)。而C雖然邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)，但文中只給了夏威夷島一個(gè)例子。所以C不選。D說(shuō)使解釋流行，之前daly只是給了理論，并沒(méi)解釋?zhuān)圆粚?duì)。而A既符合邏輯關(guān)系，也對(duì)wilson的描寫(xiě)是正確的。

  7.Why does the author provide the information that “the dating of lavas in the Hawaii(and other) chains showedthat their ages increase away from the presently activevolcano”?

  A.To point out differences between the Hawaii island chain and other volcanic island chains.

  B.To question the idea that all the islands in an island chain have been formed by volcanicactivity.

  C.To explain why Wilson hypothesis was initially difficult to accept.

  D.To provide evidence in support of Daly’s and Wilson’s ideas about how the Hawaii islandswere formed.

  7.這個(gè)題很簡(jiǎn)單啦，往后面再多看一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)就知道答案啦。Just as Daly had suggested。

  8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of mantleplumes?

  A.They exist close to the surface of tectonic plates.

  B.They cause most of the volcanic activity that occurs in the interiors of plates.

  C.They are rarely active for long period of time.

  D.They get increasingly older away from the present hot spots.

  8.根據(jù)mantle plumes定位，可定位地第一句(已用紅色標(biāo)出)就說(shuō)了它是導(dǎo)致板塊內(nèi)部火山爆發(fā)的原因，往后讀可以看到它首先是起源于很深的地方，其次活動(dòng)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)。因此A，C，D都不對(duì)。所以正確答案為B。

  9.According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists to

  A.reconstruct past geography.

  B.detect changes in mantle plumes.

  C.measure the rigidity of tectonic plates.

  D.explain why the seafloor spreads.

  9.定位到這一段的第二句。D選項(xiàng)雖然也對(duì)，但是A可以包括D。

  10.What can be inferred about the Pacific Plate from paragraph 5?

  A.The hot spots on the Pacific Plate are much older than the ones located on the other tectonicplates.

  B.Most of the volcanic sources beneath the Pacific Plate have become extinct.

  C.The Pacific Plate has moved a distance equal to the length of the Hawaiian Island chain in thepast 80 million years.

  D.The Pacific Plate is located above fewer mantle plumes than other plates are.

  10.定位到for example，定位句幾乎就是選項(xiàng)C的原義轉(zhuǎn)換啦。A，B，D原文都沒(méi)提到。

  11.The word “current” in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to

  A.original.

  B.ideal.

  C.relative.

  D.present.

  11.current是現(xiàn)在的意思。A是原始的，B是理想的，C是相對(duì)的，D是現(xiàn)在的。根據(jù)原句中也可以判斷，因?yàn)楹笪恼f(shuō)，通過(guò)大平洋板塊什么的位置，可以判斷其5千萬(wàn)年前的位置，那么兩者應(yīng)該是相反的。所以答案為D。

  12.According to paragraph 5, why are geologists unable to trace back theentiregeologic of continents from hot-spot trails?

  A.Hot spots have existed for only about 5 percent of geologic time.

  B.Hawaii did not exist 50 millions years ago.

  C.Oceanic basins that contained old hot-spot trails disappeared a long time ago.

  D.Hot-spot trails can be reconstructed only for island chains.

  12.定位到最后一句。說(shuō)不能追蹤到整個(gè)變化過(guò)程是因?yàn)楹Ｑ笈璧氐淖兓鄬?duì)比較快。

  13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This pattern remainedunexplained for a long time.

  How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide avery instructive answer. ■【A】Like many other island groups, they form a chain. ■【B】TheHawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■【C】In the 1840sAmerican geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share asimilar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probableolder,toward the northwest. ■【D】Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of thetheory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progressioncould result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic sourcein the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest fromHawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath thetectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form.They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the platemoved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of thechain and is now over the volcanic source.

  13.D的位置前面提到了大陸版塊構(gòu)造論，但并沒(méi)給出解釋?zhuān)蟀氩糠纸o出了很多年后另一位科學(xué)家給出的解釋。

  14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong inthe summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

  Although volcanic activity is concentrated on the edge of tectonicplates, such activity canoccur in the interiors of plates as well.

  A.Our understanding of islands comes from Daly’s and Wilson’s observations of the HawaiianIslands, which was later confirmed by plate-tectonic theory.

  B.The hot-spot trails formed by volcanic island chains indicate the positions of tectonic platesas for back as the present ocean basins have existed.

  C.Whereas volcanic islands formed by mantle plumes are typically small, most of the world’slargest islands are formed at the edges of tectonic plates.

  D.It has only recently been discovered that tectonic plates are closely fitting rather than looselyconstructed, as geologist previously believed.

  E.Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form in the interior of a tectonic plate asthe plate moves over a fixed volcanic source in the mantle.

  F.The Pacific Plate has existed for as long as the Hawaiian Islands have existed, namely for morethan 80 million years.

  14.A正確 整篇文章都在說(shuō)這個(gè)。。。一直是在說(shuō)夏威夷島的火山現(xiàn)象證明了大陸板塊構(gòu)造理論呀。B錯(cuò)誤，不選。這個(gè)老早就發(fā)現(xiàn)了吧，當(dāng)初daly提出的時(shí)候就說(shuō)的是closely fitting的呀。C正確，對(duì)應(yīng)文章最后一段的橘黃色標(biāo)出部分。D正確，對(duì)應(yīng)文章第二段紅色標(biāo)出部分。E錯(cuò)誤，不選。文章沒(méi)提到這些火山小。F錯(cuò)誤。文章最后一段說(shuō)到ocean basin是相對(duì)短暫的存在。并沒(méi)有存在超過(guò)8千萬(wàn)年。

  Predator-Prey Cycles

  How do predators affect populations of the prey animals? The answer is not as simple as might be thought. Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves.

  捕食者是怎樣影響被捕食者的數(shù)量呢?答案并不是想象中那么簡(jiǎn)單。麋鹿通過(guò)穿越冬天的冰層到達(dá)了在蘇必略湖的羅亞爾島，并由于沒(méi)有捕食者而自由繁殖。當(dāng)狼在晚一點(diǎn)的時(shí)候到達(dá)那座島時(shí)，自然學(xué)家都認(rèn)為，狼對(duì)控制麋鹿的數(shù)量將起到關(guān)鍵作用。但是，嚴(yán)密的研究說(shuō)明并不是這樣。狼吃掉的大部分是年老的，或生病的動(dòng)物，他們本身就不會(huì)存活很久。一般地，麋鹿的數(shù)量是由食物、疾病、和其它的一些條件，而不是狼控制的。

  When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its pre and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey population may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.

  在簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下，捕食者經(jīng)常吃掉了所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)定的被捕食者，然后因?yàn)槭澄锶狈Χ约簻缃^了。但是，如果能給被捕食動(dòng)物提供如同在野外的安全的區(qū)域，被捕食動(dòng)物的數(shù)量會(huì)降低到很低的數(shù)值，但不會(huì)滅絕。被捕食者的數(shù)量的降低造成了捕食者的食物不足，使捕食者的數(shù)量下降。此時(shí)，被捕食者的數(shù)量又會(huì)反彈。這樣，一定時(shí)間內(nèi)捕食者和被捕食者的數(shù)量會(huì)持續(xù)地循環(huán)。

  Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snow shoe hare follows a roughlyten-year cycle. Its numbers fall tenfold to thirty in a typical cycle, and a hundredfold change can occur. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.

  這種數(shù)量的循環(huán)是小型哺乳動(dòng)物的特性，有時(shí)候這種循環(huán)是由捕食者帶來(lái)的。生態(tài)學(xué)家對(duì)野兔數(shù)量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，北美白靴兔一直遵守著大約以十年為周期的循環(huán)。在一個(gè)典型的循環(huán)中，其數(shù)量會(huì)以十倍到三十倍的減少，甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)一百倍的改變。有兩種因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致這種循環(huán)：食物和捕食者。

  The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are willow and birch twigs. As hare density increases, the quantity of these twigs decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality high-fiber food. Lower birth rates, low juvenile survivorship, and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare abundance. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three year for the quantity of twigs to recover.

  白靴兔比較喜歡的食物是柳木和樺樹(shù)樹(shù)枝。野兔的密度增加時(shí)，這些樹(shù)枝的數(shù)量就減少，迫使野兔去吃一些低質(zhì)量的，高纖維食物。隨之而來(lái)的是低生育率，低成活率，低生長(zhǎng)率，所以野兔數(shù)量隨之減少。一旦野兔數(shù)量減少，樹(shù)枝的數(shù)量需要兩到三年恢復(fù)。

  A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply depleted.

  白靴兔的主要捕食者是加拿大山貓。加拿大山貓的數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)了平行于野兔的十年為周期的循環(huán)。野兔數(shù)量下降時(shí)，山貓的食物供給減少，數(shù)量也隨之減少。

  What causes the predator-prey oscillations? Do increasing number of hares lead to overharvesting of plants, which in turn results in reduced hare populations, or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting hares? Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provide an answer. Krebs investigated experimental plots in Canada’s Yukon territory that contained hare populations. When food was added to those plots (no food effect) and predators were excluded (no predator effect) from an experimental area, hare numbers increased tenfold and stayed there—the cycle was lost. However, the cycle was retained if either of the factors was allowed to operate alone: if predators were excluded but food was not added (food effect alone), or if food was added in the presence of predators (predator effect alone). Thus both factors can affect the cycle, which, in practice, seems to be generated by conjunction of the two factors.

  什么造成了捕食者和被捕食者的周期振動(dòng)呢?是野兔數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)使得植物被過(guò)度采食，隨之導(dǎo)致了野兔的減少還是山貓的增加導(dǎo)致了野兔被過(guò)度捕食?在1992年，Charles Krebs和其合作者的野外試驗(yàn)提供了答案。Krebs研究了在加拿大Yuhon地區(qū)有野兔種群的試驗(yàn)田。當(dāng)食物被加到這片試驗(yàn)田(沒(méi)有食品因素影響)并且將捕食者移去(也沒(méi)有捕食者因素影響)。野兔的數(shù)量增加了十倍并且保持穩(wěn)定----不再循環(huán)。但是，在任意一個(gè)因素單獨(dú)存在時(shí)，循環(huán)都會(huì)出現(xiàn)：不管是捕食者被移除，食物不添加(也就是只有食物影響);還是食物在捕食者存在的情況下被添加(也就是只有捕食者影響)。因此，兩個(gè)因素都可以影響這個(gè)循環(huán)，即在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，循環(huán)是兩個(gè)因素同時(shí)作用的結(jié)果。

  Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. For example, sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens up space for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, species diversity falls sharply. Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community

  捕食者是保持群體多樣性和數(shù)量的必要條件。沒(méi)有捕食者時(shí)，那種在對(duì)食物、庇護(hù)所、筑巢點(diǎn)和其它環(huán)境資源的爭(zhēng)奪中勝出的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，趨向于統(tǒng)治，并且滅絕與其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的其它物種。這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)作“驅(qū)逐競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者”。但是，如果種群中的具有最強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的物種存在天敵，那這一物種數(shù)量就被控制。因此，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力比較弱的物種都會(huì)得以生存。比如，海星捕食各種雙殼的軟體動(dòng)物，防止這些雙殼動(dòng)物壟斷海底。這使得其它的很多生物有了生存空間。海星被移除后，物種多樣性大幅度降低。因此，從多樣性的角度說(shuō)，從一個(gè)種群中消除一個(gè)主要捕食者通常是錯(cuò)誤的決定。

  托福閱讀試題

  1.In paragraph 1, why does the author discussthe moose and wolves on Isle Royale?

  A.To provide an example of predators moving to newhabitats by following migrating prey.

  B.To show that the interactions between predator populations and prey populations are notalways might be expected.

  C.To suggest that prey populations are more influenced by predation than food availabilityand disease.

  D.To argue that studies of geographically isolated populations tend not to be useful tonaturalists.

  1.對(duì)應(yīng)文章的第四句，Careful studies…not the case.這句話前面說(shuō)人們覺(jué)得狼對(duì)控制鹿的數(shù)量控制起到了重要作用，這句話對(duì)其進(jìn)行了否定，對(duì)應(yīng)了B選項(xiàng)。A與原文沒(méi)有關(guān)系。C與原文第一段最后一句話矛盾。D也不對(duì)。

  2.The word “rebound” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest inmeaning to

  A.escape.

  B.recover.

  C.survive.

  D.resist.

  2.原詞匯是反彈的意思。A是逃走，B是恢復(fù)，C是存活，D是反抗。這里B最符合原文意思。原文詞匯可以通過(guò)詞根詞綴分析。Bound本來(lái)就是跳躍的意思，加re前綴就是再次跳躍，也就是反彈。

  3.Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about experimental environments inwhich predators become extinct?

  A.They may yield results that do not accurate predict changes of populations in the wild.

  B.In these environments, the prey species is better adapted than the predator species.

  C.These environments are appropriate only for studying small populations of predators andprey.

  D.They are unrealistic because some predators are also the prey of other predators.

  3.第一句說(shuō)了experimental environments的結(jié)果，但后面立刻出現(xiàn)了however。證明出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，后文在一定程度上否定了前面的觀點(diǎn)。所以選A。B和原文主題沒(méi)關(guān)系，C雖然沒(méi)有明顯錯(cuò)誤，但沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出真正的主題，重點(diǎn)是在真實(shí)生活中的情況。D原文也沒(méi)提到。

  4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the smallmammals that experience population cycles?

  A.Their population cycles are not affected by predators.

  B.Their predators’ populations periodically disappear.

  C.They typically undergo ten-year cycles.

  D.They have access to places safe from predators.

  4.A錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)應(yīng)第三段最后一句話;B錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)應(yīng)第二段的第二句話后面，證明在正常情況下捕食者不會(huì)消失。C對(duì)應(yīng)第三段第二句，出現(xiàn)了ten-year cycle但是僅僅是對(duì)野兔的描寫(xiě)，并不適用與全部哺乳動(dòng)物。D對(duì)應(yīng)第二段第二句，說(shuō)被捕食者在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中可以居于安全的遠(yuǎn)離捕食者的地方。所以選D。

  5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.usually.

  B.repeating.

  C.approximately.

  D.observable.

  5.roughly是粗略地。A是通常的，B是重復(fù)的，C是大約的，D是可觀察的。根據(jù)詞義選C。

  6.The word “generating” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.producing.

  B.changing.

  C.speeding up.

  D.smoothing out.

  6.generate是導(dǎo)致，產(chǎn)生的意思。A是產(chǎn)生，B是改變，C是加速，D是漸出。根據(jù)意思選擇A。通過(guò)原文分析，前面說(shuō)有兩個(gè)因素可以怎么樣這個(gè)cycle，那么應(yīng)該是導(dǎo)致，產(chǎn)生的意思。

  7.According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of the food of snowshoehares EXCEPT

  A.The preferred food fore hares consists of willow and birch twigs.

  B.High fiber food is the most nutritious for hares.

  C.Depletion of the supply of willow and birch twigs cause low birth and growth rates.

  D.The food supply takes two or three years to recover after a peak in hare populationdensity.

  7.排除題，選項(xiàng)A對(duì)應(yīng)第一句，正確。選項(xiàng)B對(duì)應(yīng)第二句，原文說(shuō)high-fiber意味著low quality，所以B錯(cuò)誤，選。C對(duì)應(yīng)第三句，正確，不選。D對(duì)應(yīng)最后一句，正確，不選。

  提供者：請(qǐng)選擇

  8.The word “conjunction”in the passage(paragraph 6)is closest in meaning to

  A.determination

  B.combination

  C.alternation

  D.transformation

  8.原文說(shuō)的是由于野兔是山貓的食物，所以野兔數(shù)量下降，山貓數(shù)量也會(huì)隨之下降。所以選擇A。B的邏輯關(guān)系不對(duì)，并非野兔跟著山貓變化。C更不對(duì)，兩者數(shù)量是同時(shí)增減的。D也不符合原文。

  9.According to paragraph 5, which of the following statements bestcharacterizes theabundance cycle of the Canada lynx?

  A.It closely follows the cycle the snowshoe hare.

  B.When the numbers of lynx fall, the numbers of snowshoe hares soon decrease.

  C.When hare numbers decrease, lynx numbers increase.

  D.It is not clearly related to the availability of lynx food.

  9.這句話的前面一句話說(shuō)的是兩個(gè)因素都會(huì)影響這個(gè)循環(huán)，而在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，兩個(gè)因素都存在。所以這里應(yīng)該是共同作用的意思。所以B，結(jié)合。符合原義。A是決定，C是交替，D是轉(zhuǎn)化。

  10.According to paragraph 6, which of the following was true of the harepopulationcycle in Krebs’s experiment?

  A.The effects of providing food while at the same time introducing predators cancelled eachother, so there was no cycle.

  B.The cycle existed when either the food supply was limited or there were predators.

  C.There was a cycle when there were no predators and food was supplied.

  D.If the hares had places to hide from the lynx, the hare population increased tenfold andthen remained at that level.

  10.對(duì)應(yīng)位置是紅色部分。總結(jié)就是兩個(gè)因素只要其中一個(gè)存在就會(huì)導(dǎo)致cycle。兩個(gè)同時(shí)都沒(méi)有的時(shí)候，就不存在cycle了。所以A說(shuō)no cycle，那么條件中就多出了food effect，錯(cuò)誤不選。B正確，兩因素都不存在，nocycle，選!C說(shuō)cycle存在，可是兩因素都不存在。D跟兩個(gè)因素都沒(méi)關(guān)系，不選。

  11.According to paragraph 7, which ofthe following statements correctlycharacterizes the effect of sea stars on the ecosystem in which they are predators ofbivalves?

  A.Bivalve population are kept low, allowing species that compete with bivalves to survive.

  B.The numbers of most species of bivalves are greatly reduced, leaving the bivalve speciesthat is the strongest competitor to dominate among the survivors.

  C.Biological diversity begins to decrease because many bivalve species disappear.

  D.Sea stars dominate at first but then die off because of the depleted food supply.

  11.對(duì)應(yīng)了原文這段倒數(shù)第二句和第三句。說(shuō)海星的存在對(duì)雙殼動(dòng)物是一個(gè)限制，使得別的生物有了生存的空間。符合A。 B不對(duì)，雙殼動(dòng)物并不是dominate;C不對(duì)，bivalve控制后，diversity應(yīng)該是上升的。D也不對(duì)，海星并不是死了啊。

  12.According to paragraph 7, which of the following is true of the phenomenon ofcompetitor exclusion?

  A.It results in more diverse communities.

  B.It requires the presence of predators.

  C.It affects all competitions equally.

  D.It happens only when there is a dominant competitor.

  12.根據(jù)competitor exclusion定位，這句話說(shuō)this phenomenon，那么對(duì)于現(xiàn)象描寫(xiě)應(yīng)該在前面。往前找可以看到這個(gè)現(xiàn)象是要在“best competitor”存在的情況，這個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者還tend to dominate. 符合D。A并不是這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的直接作用，其直接作用是對(duì)其他competitor的限制。B雖然正確，但沒(méi)指出其唯一性。C沒(méi)提到。

  13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? As a result, there are notenough of the strong competitions to monopolize the environment’s resources.

  Predators are an essential factorin maintaining communities that are rich and diverse inspecies. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter,nestingsites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the specieswith which it competes. ■【A】This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. ■【B】However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species,then the population of that competitor is controlled. ■【C】Thus even the less competitivespecies are able to survive. ■【D】For example, seastars prey on a variety of bivalvemollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens upspace for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, species diversity falls sharply.Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake toeliminate a majorpredator from a community.

  13.這里說(shuō)as a result，那么首先前面要對(duì)某個(gè)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)，后面要對(duì)there are not enough of thestrong competitors to monopolize the environment’s resources.進(jìn)行遞進(jìn)。C符合。

  14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong inthe summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

  The relationships between predatorsand prey are complex.

  A.Studies of the interactions between wolves and moose on Isle Royale in Lake Superior revealthat wolf predation is not the primary factor controlling the moose population.

  B.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominantcompetitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

  C.A species’ population tends to rise and falls in a cycle pattern if the food supply for thepopulation is limited, or if the population has a major predator.

  D.Ecologists are interested in studying predator-prey population cycles becauseunderstanding how predators and prey interact will allow better wildlife managementprograms.

  E.In predator-prey population cycles, predator populations increase or decrease followingsimilar population changes in the species they prey on.

  F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they arepredators, and is therefore a bad idea.

  14.A對(duì)應(yīng)原文1-3段，雖然到第二段為止，都是符合這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的，但是第三段已經(jīng)對(duì)這個(gè)進(jìn)行了否定，錯(cuò)誤，不選。B雖然意思正確，但是原文沒(méi)有提到生態(tài)學(xué)家要研究捕食者和被捕食者的關(guān)系的目的，不選。C正確，選，對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一段。D正確，選，原文第二段已經(jīng)表達(dá)了這句話了，后面也不斷地重復(fù)。E正確，選，對(duì)應(yīng)原文倒數(shù)第二段。F選項(xiàng)缺少了一環(huán)----雙殼動(dòng)物，語(yǔ)義表達(dá)不完整，不選。